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May 15, 2020 J&J PharmaTech, a LINC Project group of Ajou University, visited the COVID-19 clinic at Ajou University Hospital to deliver snacks, drinks, and 3,000 personal hand sanitizers to the staff. J&J PharmaTech is a startup run by Jeong Hye-jeong, currently enrolled as a student in the Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics. The Graduate School revealed that Jeong, along with the school’s dean, Kim Su-dong, and other school officials visited Ajou University Hospital on May 7 to thank the medical staff and deliver donations in person. They were welcomed by the hospital’s president, Dr. Han Sang-uk, and other medical workers on site. Neo Trans, the company operating the Sinbundang Line on the metropolitan transit network across Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, also joined in with delivery of the donations. Jeong explained: “As a LINC Project group of Ajou University’s bio and healthcare industrial cooperation center (ICC), we wanted to do something for the medical staff at the university hospital working on the front line in the current COVID-19 crisis, and thought bringing 3,000 sanitizers was the way to do it.” The ICCs at Ajou University were established with the mission of promoting the University’s research strengths in partnership with local businesses. Faculty members and local firms participate in R&D projects in biotechnology and healthcare, smart mobility, new and renewable energy, artificial intelligence (AI) and big data. Ajou continues to aid local businesses through a wide range of support, including R&D infrastructure, advice, and personnel training.
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May 12, 2020 A delegation of ROK Air Force officers, including the Air Force Chief of Staff, visited Ajou University to discuss matters pertaining to the Department of Military Digital Convergence and terms of cooperation. On May 12, ROK Air Force Chief of Staff, Won In-choul, and other Air Force officers met with a group of faculty members, including University president Park Hyung-ju, in the president’s office at Yulgok Hall. Also present were Prof. Lim Jae-seong, Vice-President of Industrial-Academic Cooperation and Dean of the Department of Military Digital Convergence; Prof. Kim Sang-in, Provost of the College of Information Technology; and Prof. Kim Jeong-sik from the Department of Military Digital Convergence. After exchanging greetings at Yulgok, the officers and the professors then moved to Yeonam Hall to discuss the matters at hand. The Department of Military Digital Convergence came into being in 2015 under a contract between Ajou and the ROK Air Force. All students enrolled in the department are on four-year full scholarships from the Air Force, on the condition that they will serve as commissioned officers for seven years after graduation. Upon completion of all seven years, they may choose to continue their careers in the military or find new opportunities in the defense industry or research. The ROK Air Force Chief of Staff and other high-level officers have been visiting Ajou every year since the department’s creation to meet and encourage the students. This year’s event was downsized from usual in terms of scope and reach due to COVID-19 and the need for social distancing. #What to Study: Department of Military Digital ConvergenceExcerpted from Ajou Insight Spring Edition, 2018
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May 12, 2020 A team of researchers led by Ajou University’s Prof. Kim Jong-hyun has unraveled the mechanism behind the design of a conjugated polymer. Capable of maximizing conductivity, these polymers are emerging as key next-generation components for electronics. The team included two professors from Ajou - Kim (Dept. of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering and Graduate Dept. of Molecular Science and Technology, pictured) and Seo Hyung-tak (Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering and Graduate Dept. of Energy Systems) - as well as Prof. Kim Bong-gi of Konkuk University and Prof. Park Hui-joon of Hanyang University. The team’s study was published as part of the online version of Advanced Functional Materials, dated May 4. Entitled “Unraveling Doping Capability of Conjugated Polymers for Strategic Manipulation of Electric Dipole Layer toward Efficient Charge Collection in Perovskite Solar Cells,” the article also featured Yoon Sang-eun, currently enrolled in the postgraduate program in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Ajou, as principal investigator. The conjugated polymers at the heart of the article are organic compounds recently drawing significant attention as the potential next-generation alternative to semiconductors. These conductive organic compounds boast properties superior to those of inorganic ones. Chemical doping, in particular, can enhance the conductivity of these polymers to a par with that of metals, making them even more likely as a candidate material for dipoles in electronic devices. These polymers also have the added benefits of being lightweight, pliable, and not so costly to manufacture. The team’s work is noteworthy for unraveling the exact mechanism behind the design of the conjugated polymers, and particularly why they are so highly conductive. The researchers identified the skeleton of the conjugated polymer capable of exchanging charges at maximum efficiency with the dopant (a substance added to the semiconductor-manufacturing process). They also introduced a substituent able to optimize diffusion of the dopant, creating a highly conductive (200 S/cm) membrane and determining the doping mechanism. The team then added the highly conductive conjugated polymers to the hole transporting layer to develop a high efficiency (20 percent or more) perovskite solar cell. Prof. Kim commented: “Our latest study documents the groundbreaking discovery of a new mechanism that can dramatically improve the conductivity of polymers. Our findings will lead to the development of polymer-based, pliable and stretchable highly conductive dipoles.” The study was possible with support from the Ministry of Education’s University-Centered Research Lab Support Program (for Molecular Science & Technology Research Center).
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Prof. Park Rae-woong (Dept. of Biomedical Informatics) at Ajou University’s School of Medicine has joined the growing number of research teams worldwide analyzing big data in an attempt to fight COVID-19. To that end, the professor has teamed up with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. With the new flow of funding from the foundation, Prof. Park and his team intend to convert COVID-19 clinical testing data into medical big data to be shared with medical professionals and researchers worldwide. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is a well-known charity fund established and run by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, and his wife, Melinda. Prof. Park will spend the seven months from March 26 to October 1 this year converting the COVID-19 clinical test data from two general hospitals in the Daegu-Gyeongbuk region into a medical big data platform based on the common data model (CDM). The CDM renders patients’ digital medical data anonymous and standardized on a par with the global standard. Using such a model, researchers worldwide can develop analytical programs, also in line with the global standard, and share them with other participating researchers and organizations in return for analyzed statistics. The CDM, in other words, simultaneously ensures the protection of privacy and the multiplication of useful data and resources for researchers. Prof. Park and his team expect to achieve timely conversion of COVID-19 medical data using their platform for comprehensive analysis of big data (“FeederNet”) and thereby enable medical and science communities worldwide to identify the key characteristics and risk factors of the disease, and gain a better understanding of the effects and side effects of the diverse treatments being attempted. “We expect the latest partnership to promote the global community’s understanding of COVID-19, generate real-world evidence on the disease, and foment collaboration among researchers worldwide toward finding solutions,” said Prof. Park. As leader of the Federated E- Health Big Data for Evidence Renovation Network, a major national R&D project funded by Korea’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, Prof. Park has already been standardizing clinical big data from 63 medical institutions across the country. As a well-known medical big data expert, Prof. Park is also one of the founding members of Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI), a multi-agency research network that encompasses over 200 research institutes worldwide. OHDSI has helped to convert clinical data on over two billion people worldwide into a CDM. #Prof. Park’s Column: “[Ajou Insights] Medicine and Big Data”
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An interview with Park Hyung-ju, President of Ajou University, has been published in the April 25 edition of JoongAng Sunday. The interview took place in the president’s office on April 8. President Park was asked a number of questions in the interview concerning the founding philosophy and history of the university, the current status of online learning and future plans, the Blue Semesters, his own philosophy on education, and the impact of COVID-19 on learning. Explaining that “universities are where we learn how to learn,” President Park emphasized that university lectures should evolve into “thinking classes” with “blended learning” programs that cater to student capabilities, majors and different learning conditions in both online and offline environments. “Research, education, and industrial-academic collaboration are crucial,” said Park, as “research produces knowledge, education imparts that knowledge, and industrial-academic collaboration applies that knowledge.” He added: “We will change our curriculum so that those majoring in the humanities will also learn coding and engineering majors will also explore the humanities.” Check out the May issue of Monthly JoongAng to read the interview. #Go to the JoongAng Sunday interview article
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The bio and healthcare industrial cooperation center (ICC) at Ajou University has recently signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Erom to establish a partnership for the creation and joint management of a new immunology research center. The ICC (led by Prof. Kim Su-dong, College of Pharmacy) announced that it entered the partnership with Erom Company on April 21. The parties have agreed to work closely on joint organization and management of an immunology research center, particularly focusing on analyzing immunity-boosting materials and developing new products. Kim Sang-min, CEO of Erom (Ajou Class of 1992, history) remarked: “This MOU gives us an opportunity to work with Ajou University’s research team on researching, developing, testing and commercializing new immunity-boosting products. I hope this partnership will enable us to bring the benefits of novel products to more people.” The ICC and Erom will particularly work together on basic and clinical research on a rice bran extract (“Erom 4”), which Erom’s researchers have been studying for years for its ability to boost the human immune system. The ICCs are clusters, created by Ajou University, to foster collaboration with local businesses and industries on areas of and discoveries in science in which the university’s researchers specialize. There are four areas of specialization: bio-health care, smart mobility, new and renewable energy, and AI and big data. The university provides the necessary infrastructure, advice, and human resource development tools that local businesses need to support their growth.
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A team of researchers led by Professor Seo Hyeong-tak of Ajou University has developed an artificial synapse for tactile perception. The new device, which emulates tactile perceptions involving touch and nerves, features a hetero-junction of oxides. Expected applications include skin-attached electronics and artificial intelligence (AI) sensors. Prof. Seo (Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering / Graduate Dept. of Energy Systems, pictured) and his team’s work was published under the title, “An artificial piezotronics synapse for tactile perception,” in an online issue of Nano Energy on April 15, 2020. Also on the team from Ajou University were Prof. Kim Sang-wan (Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering) and Dr. Mohit Kumar (researcher, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering). Of the five senses humans have at their disposal, tactile perception involves the signals stimulated by a touch traveling from the stimulus receptor at the terminal of the skin to cranial nerves via the neural network. Humans are able to discern an incredibly wide range of touches on their skin. Combined with emotions of varying depths, these tactile perceptions can become part of human memory. An artificial synapse that emulates the human tactile perception therefore epitomizes a highly sophisticated technology capable of detecting the wide variety of touches exerted from the outside world with finesse and precision, saving perceptions thereof, and retrieving them in a memory-like fashion. Prof. Seo’s team achieved such an advanced artificial synapse, featuring a hetero-junction of nickel and zinc oxides (NiO and ZnO) that emulates tactile stimulation of nerves. Specifically, the synapse was designed to emulate how hair detects changes in external pressure using a vertically structured sensor featuring the hetero-junction of oxides. It is this sensor that produces changes in the current-voltage curve in response to changing intensity and directions of pressure in a fashion similar to how the human body perceives touch. Concept of a very transparent and flexible artificial synapse that emulates environment-adaptable tactile perceptions The team’s discovery is all the more significant due to its ability to remember tactile changes in electric currents, in the form of conserved charges, for a certain period of time, in a fashion similar to non-volatile memory. The artificial synapse is capable of emulating all the typical functions of actual neuron synapses, such as perceiving changes in signals, whether in intensity or over time and in size. The invention therefore bears much functional similarity to an actual in-vivo tactile neural circuit. Prof. Seo explained: “We created a test touch pad with multiple artificial synapses arranged on it, and discovered that the pad is capable of effectively detecting temporal-spatial information from external variables, such as the amplitude and duration of stimuli. We also demonstrated that the synapse is capable of discerning different pressure patterns.” The artificial neural circuit architecture that simulates sensory nerve functions from touch to the brain requires the integration of a pressure sensor, a connecting cable, and an artificial synapse. This is an extremely sophisticated technology that involves quite complex machinery and ultra-low energy consumption. Prof. Seo’s team has created an ultra-energy-light and high-precision artificial synapse, using a relatively simple manufacturing process, that can adjust output in response to variations in tactile input. Prof. Seo further commented: “The artificial synapse we developed this time is comparatively less complex and consumes less energy than other preexisting and similar tactile circuits. At the same time, it provides superior environment-adaptable detections of touch. We anticipate that our invention can be made into various applications, including AI sensors, skin-attachable electronics, robotics, and prosthetic limbs for people with disabilities.” The study was conducted with support from the New Future Device and Original Technology Development Program and the Basic Research Support Program for Established and New Projects , sponsored by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the National Research Foundation of Korea, respectively.
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A team of Ajou University researchers led by Prof. Yoon Tae-jong has succeeded in developing a treatment for colorectal cancer using gene editing. The cure is specifically meant for colorectal cancer patients with gene mutations on whom other more common therapies do not work. Prof. Yoon (College of Pharmacy) teamed up with Prof. Cho Young-seok of the Catholic University (Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine) to develop a gene editing technique that involves mounting a gene-editing structure onto a nano-size carrier to edit genetic mutations that complicate colorectal cancer treatment. The result of their collaboration was published in an online issue of Nano Research, a widely recognized international journal, on April 4, 2020, with the title, “Gene editing particle system as a therapeutic approach for drug-resistant colorectal cancer.” Cetuximab is a widely used treatment for colorectal cancer, but there are also a significant number of patients whose KRAS gene mutation renders them resistant to the drug. The number of patients newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer is on the rise worldwide due to the increase in modern and unhealthy diets. Finding effective cures to this particular cancer is therefore a popular and important topic of pharmaceutical research, with much of the current research focusing on antibodies. The conventional approach to treatment is to introduce a drug that binds to the EGFR receptor to inhibit the growth and survival of cancerous cells. Nearly 60 percent of colorectal cancer patients, however, are genetically resistant to this type of treatment. The prognosis for these patients with the KRAS gene mutation is rather dim. Although a growing number of researchers focus on finding alternative cures for patients with the KRAS gene mutation, that particular genetic mutation facilitates patient relapse, raising the demand for a more fundamental therapeutic approach. Although scientists have speculated that gene editing could pave the way to a useful alternative, they have been struggling to overcome the resulting inefficiency, as these protein-based genetic editing techniques turn quite volatile in vivo. Prof. Yoon’s team thus introduced this breakthrough, whereby they demonstrated that mounting the gene-editing protein onto a nano-size carrier could effectively treat colorectal cancer. The team applied a nano-liposome structure as a carrier for the gene-editing technique that can get to and remove the mutated KRAS gene. By inserting a cancer-targeting antibody into the surface of this nano-structure, the researchers were able to maximize stability and efficacy of the gene editing. In an in-vivo test, the gene-editing structure had an efficiency of 60 percent in targeting cancerous tissues. The technique had a definitively more therapeutic effect on targeted animals as compared to the control group. Prof. Yoon explained: “Existing gene editing techniques rely on viral carriers that require adaptation in vivo before their effects appear. This meant low efficiency and increased risk of off-target editing. Although protein-based gene editing techniques have emerged as an alternative, the fact that these protein carriers were broken down in vivo by enzymes meant the targeting efficiency was inevitably compromised as well.” His team therefore came up with a nano-structure capable of in-vivo adaptation to enhance gene editing stability and efficiency, thereby significantly improving the overall therapeutic value of the gene editing technology in cancer treatment. Prof. Yoon commented: “At present, gene editing in the context of cancer treatment is mostly used to regulate the activity of immune cells in vitro. With our discovery, we expect the medical community to be able to inject gene-editing structures directly into patients’ bodies to maximize the effect of treatment.” The KRAS gene mutation accounts for complications in treatment beyond colorectal cancer, to include treatment for pancreatic, lung, ovarian and other types of cancer. Nano-gene editing is therefore desperately needed to enable cancer patients to receive the life-saving treatment they need. Prof. Yoon has been researching nano-materials capable of effectively delivering diverse biomaterials into cells and tissues for the last two decades. In recent years, he has concentrated on adapting nano-technology to gene editing so as to enhance the latter’s in-vivo stability and cell permeability and also to facilitate localized treatment. Prof. Yoon is also the CEO of Moogene Medi Inc., part of N4U Tech Holdings Inc., which leads Ajou University’s industrial-academic collaboration programs. He intends to have Moogene Medi organize the clinical trials for his team’s groundbreaking discovery.
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A team of researchers at Ajou University, including Professors Choi Sang-dun and Kim Wook, has found a cure for several autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The team has successfully demonstrated the efficacy of their product in treating diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The team’s groundbreaking paper was published in an online issue of Biomaterials, an international journal, on March 17, 2020. Professor Choi (Dept. of Molecular Science and Technology, Graduate Dept. of Life Sciences) led the work as the corresponding author, with participation from other Ajou faculty members, including Profs. Kim Wook (Molecular Science and Technology), Suh Chang-hee (Dept. of Rheumatology, School of Medicine), and Kim Soon-sun and Cheong Jae-youn (both Dept. of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine). Research Professor Masaud Shah and Prof. Lee Sang-ho (Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine at Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong) also participated. Kim Gi-young and Asma Achek, both studying molecular science and technology at Ajou, were also listed as co-principal investigators. The researchers developed a peptide-based treatment for autoimmune inflammatory diseases, and demonstrated its efficacy in treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), SLE, RA, eczema and sepsis in animals. An autoimmune disease is an abnormal immune response of the body to its own tissues or cells. There are approximately 80 autoimmune diseases that have been identified so far. Inflammatory diseases refer to a broad array of diseases in which inflammation is a major symptom, and can include NASH, sepsis, and even Alzheimer’s. There are mainly two mechanisms by which autoimmune and inflammatory diseases occur: either in response to an infection by an outside pathogen or as a non-infectious response to substances generated within the immune host itself. Abnormal activation of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is involved in both cases, but not much more is known. The Ajou team of researchers has discovered a peptide (MIP2) that can inhibit the activity of TLRs across a wide range of situations to rein in inflammatory cytokines. Prof. Choi explained: “We have discovered that injecting this peptide, MIP2, into test models cured them of NASH, SLE, RA, eczema, and sepsis. In addition, we are researching and testing the effect of this peptide on inhibiting inflammasomes and thereby possibly treating other inflammatory diseases, including Alzheimer’s, type-II diabetes, and multiple sclerosis.” The project was organized with support from the R&D-Centered Hospital Support Program of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, as well as the Basic and Original Research Support Program, co-sponsored by the Ministry of Science and ICT and the National Research Foundation of Korea.
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Ever since he was young, Park Hyung-ju, 56, has always dreamed of earning the Fields Medal, the most prestigious academic award a mathematician can hope to achieve. He was especially concerned with solving the Jacobian Conjecture, one of the great mathematical mysteries, unsolved ever since it was first conceived in 1939. Unfortunately, Park has not solved the problem just yet, maybe because for the past few years, he has been preoccupied with another great mystery: the problem of Korean education. Now, Park has taken hold of the steering wheel. Two years ago, he was inaugurated as the president of Ajou University — which has been aspiring to cement its name as the “MIT of Asia” — located in Suwon, Gyeonggi. As Park noted, “Korean students are outstanding,” referring to how Korea usually places first or second in the International Math Olympiad, essentially the most prestigious mathematics competition for students not old enough to attend university. It is also a good indicator of future success in mathematics: one in three Fields medalists have been participants in the Olympiad. And here lies the new mystery Park is determined to solve: despite Korea’s success in the Olympiad, not a single Korean has won the Fields Medal. While Park believes that issues need to be resolved for the education system throughout elementary to high school, a major paradigm shift is required for tertiary education in Korea as well. In fact, he believes the coronavirus outbreak provides the perfect opportunity to do away with traditional but ineffective teaching methods and replace them with more innovative ones. Kim recently sat down for an interview with the JoongAng Ilbo to discuss his approach to the problems posed by the outbreak, explaining current issues persisting within the university and how some new initiatives at Ajou could provide answers. Below are edited excerpts of the interview. Q. What are some changes that you realized need to take place in Ajou University? A. I personally place great importance on data and statistics. Recently when I questioned the admissions office personnel on why they made a certain decision, they would answer that they just used their intuition. But such vagueness is troubling. Decisions must be backed by data, whether the issue is about essay examinations, the school curriculum, or the College Scholastic Ability Test [CSAT]. So it is a data-driven approach. My confidence in the data-driven approach has only grown stronger after I became the president of the university. For example, Ajou University’s post-graduation employment rate is ranked third in the country. Before analyzing the data, people figured that students with high grades at the time of admission and graduation will yield good employment outcomes. But a close study of available data actually revealed that students who followed an interdisciplinary approach to their education, while pursuing a wide range of activities such as competitions and individual research, had much higher post-graduation employment rates. The answer to why we have high employment outcomes is clear here. Guesswork and intuition cannot win out over hard data. Ever since President Moon Jae-in entered office, the Korean government has started pushing universities to admit more students by regular admissions as opposed to early admissions. [In Korea, regular admissions are based significantly on CSAT scores, a standardized test for universities. The test can be taken only once a year. For early admissions, universities accept students mostly based on other factors such as high school grades and extracurricular activities.] How is Ajou University approaching this early admissions versus regular admissions issue? Our university’s early admissions versus regular admissions ratio is different compared to other universities. On average, we admit 80 percent of students based on early admissions, while we admit the other 20 based on regular admissions. Rather than pursuing a set-ratio, we fine-tune our ratios depending on the needs of the specific major. How is the university faring with the shift to online classes due to the coronavirus outbreak? We were relatively well prepared for this change. Previous to the outbreak, 42 classrooms were outfitted with recording technology, and we had a video recording studio prepared as well. We had also already analyzed data about students’ study patterns, although the outbreak gave us even more data to work with through the online classes. [For Park, the “Thinking Class” is a major aspect of his initiative. Inspired by the teaching styles from the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), a prestigious university located in Switzerland, Park wants Korean classes to focus less on repetition and more on problem solving. In the Thinking Class program, students learn the basic concepts online and come prepared to do more challenging thinking with these concepts offline with their peers and professors in the classroom.] How do you envision the university’s future? A university is a place for students to work out problems, not to absorb knowledge. My short-term goal is to have the Thinking Class comprise half of our available classes. Both students and professors work three times harder in these Thinking Classes. Although much more effort is required, it yields great results: EPFL’s post-graduation employment rates soar above that of other universities. And recruiting businesses want classes to be like this as well. The future of education lies in classes like these, ones that emphasize “blended learning” — utilizing a mixture of online and offline classes. This ratio of online to offline classes will ultimately be determined based on the students’ abilities, the major in question and the school learning environment. Any other changes planned for the university? At Ajou University, students have the opportunity to follow the Paran Academic Semester System. “Paran” [meaning blue in Korean] is one of Ajou University’s school colors. But it has two additional meanings as well. One being to “shatter the eggshell” [that is, to shatter existing paradigms], and the other being to achieve one’s dreams. In this academic calendar, students independently design their own curriculum and get graded accordingly. Starting from 2016, over the past eight semesters, a total of 775 students participated in this program. Also, unless students actively use knowledge, they forget the concepts that they learn in class after the semester is over. But that is all going to change soon. The university is going to integrate a study-activity plan into the curriculum. By the end of the class, students would have not only studied the topic but would have actively engaged with the concept as well. Finally, even after the coronavirus situation is fully resolved, it is important to keep using online-based learning. Ajou University will try to maintain the number of online classes at between 30 to 50 percent. This way, students will learn concepts by themselves online and practice using these concepts offline in the classroom with the professor. We want to make this type of class — one which really pushes students to exercise their intellectual muscles — to become the baseline of the “Ajou Way.” What do you think of the general state of education in Korea? In Korea, average students, the gifted, and the exceptional ones are all in one classroom. But instead of a one-size-fits-all system, Korea needs to work on providing options for the gifted and exceptional students. I have met many gifted students in my life, and I have met so many world-class geniuses as well. Geniuses just do not like repetitive classes. But the classes in Korea rely on repetition, and, naturally, it is difficult for geniuses to prosper in this kind of environment. While many students in America choose to go law school or medical school, two in three Korean students choose to major in math. So it is normal to have high expectations for our students. Our professors and students must focus on solving the big questions, not the small ones. BY YANG YOUNG-YU, ANDREW LEE [lee.joongi@joongang.co.kr] Korea Joongang Daily: https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2020/05/05/etc/fields-medalists-korean-education-Ajou-University/20200505192100235.html
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